Reading the now as what I wrote nearly a year ago in 2015 the situation. My own written text gave words much gravity to my mind and as I am familiar with the depth of my own thoughts I only brushed the painting to a privately held laptop. The time between I returned in full to my public laptop however that is not able to successfully be in certain full-proof to the 'hackers' that insist on breaking into private homes via the internet which has become the present day addiction.
President Theodore Roosevelt's 1903 Visit to Wyoming
In April and May of 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt visited Wyoming, speaking at Yellowstone National Park and the towns of Newcastle, Evanston, Laramie and Cheyenne as part of his eight-week, 25-state tour. His route, like a 14,000-mile lasso flung to rope the whole American West, snagged points as far north as Fargo, N.D., and as far south as Los Angeles.
Roosevelt gave a total of 263 speeches, seven or eight per day on average, in his five and a half weeks of public appearances. The balance of the time he spent camping in back country: two days at Yosemite with conservation activist John Muir, and 16 days, April 8-24, in Yellowstone. There he was accompanied by wildlife writer John Burroughs, Park Superintendent Major John Pitcher and a small mounted escort. The press was left behind in Gardiner, Mont.
While in the park, on April 16, Roosevelt wrote a detailed letter to Dr. C. Hart Merriam, a physician and early conservationist who had been head of the Section of Economic Ornithology in the Department of Agriculture and its successor agencies since 1885. Roosevelt reported on the numbers, habits and condition of game in Yellowstone, noting that “coyotes wander about among…sleeping or feeding elk without attracting any attention whatever." He witnessed the attempt of a golden eagle to cut a yearling elk calf out of a herd and commented, "The elk far out-number all the other animals," estimating at least 15,000 within the park. He also mentioned that "around the hot springs the cougars are killing deer, antelope, and sheep…"
On April 24, Roosevelt dedicated a new arched gateway to the park with a short speech. Then he boarded his train, bound east for Omaha. Newcastle, Wyo. was one of many whistle stops the next day.
Sometimes Roosevelt made his speeches from the rear platform of the Elysian, his 70-foot long railroad car; at other times he made them from a decorated platform at the nearby depot. In Newcastle, as with many other stops, his path from train to platform was strewn with flowers. According to the April 26, 1903 edition of the Wyoming Tribune, the platform itself was decorated with three statues: a deer, a bear and an eagle.
The Tribune paraphrased his half-hour speech about resource development and good citizenship. These, along with conservation, were his three main themes, reiterated throughout his western tour. The "new irrigation law,"—the Reclamation Act of 1902—the president said, was especially important to the West. Under this law, such water users as farmers, ranchers and other settlers would help to pay construction costs of irrigation projects in exchange for the benefits they received.
Roosevelt's and many others’ dream was that large tracts of dry land could be irrigated and thus made arable, supporting vast numbers of people. Noting that government could undertake experiments and large projects that private citizens could not, he added that, even if they didn’t help plan and execute the projects, the people could still benefit and learn from them.
From Omaha, Roosevelt’s tour looped west again, traveling via Santa Fe to Los Angeles, Yosemite, San Francisco and Seattle. In late May, he was headed east from Salt Lake City. He stopped for 20 minutes in Evanston on the evening of May 29, 1903. The May 30 issue of the Cheyenne Daily Leader estimated the Evanston crowd at 7,000, gathered from throughout Wyoming as well as the surrounding states of Utah, Idaho and Colorado.
The following day Roosevelt stopped in Laramie at 7:30 a.m. for about 90 minutes, speaking at the university to a crowd estimated between three and four thousand, including children and college students.
According to the Leader, he remarked, "A stream cannot rise higher than its source and the government cannot be greater than average [sic] of its citizenship." This theme, along with extensive references to the Civil War and the Spanish-American War, dominated his remarks for the rest of the Decoration Day (now called Memorial Day) weekend.
Next, by prior arrangement, the president rode horseback 65 miles from Laramie to Cheyenne. Changing mounts three times, for a total of four horses ridden, Roosevelt was accompanied by 10 prominent citizens, including Sen. Francis E. Warren, U.S. Marshal Frank Hadsell, Deputy U.S. Marshal Joe LeFors, Albany County Sheriff N.K. Boswell of Laramie, local stockman R. S. Van Tassell, and Black Hills Forest Reserve Supervisor and former Deadwood, S. D. lawman Seth Bullock.
The Leader lavished nearly 1,000 words of copy on this phase of Roosevelt's visit to southeast Wyoming, including the entire text of a speech by Warren. The senator presented the president with a saddle, matching bridle and blanket that he described minutely, saying it was from "Your friends in Cheyenne…"
The Leader went on to detail the name of each horse the president rode, its physical prowess, temperament and other virtues; inevitably, one was named Teddy. The Leader also listed the owners: Ora Haley, Johnny Earnest and Van Tassell, who contributed two of his horses. Haley declared that after Roosevelt rode his horse, Yellowbird, nobody else would ever ride him again.
The party ate lunch at the Van Tassell ranch and arrived in Cheyenne at 4:00 p.m. A lengthy procession and parade brought Roosevelt to a speaker's stand at 15th and Ferguson (now Carey Avenue). At 7:00 p.m., he spoke to a crowd of approximately 10,000. His speech was extensively quoted in the June 1 Cheyenne Daily Leader. As he had in Laramie, he focused on good citizenship and the parallels between military and civilian life.
Emphasizing the importance of hard work and solidarity, he declared that in war, so long as a soldier’s comrades stand with him, “ … you don’t care where that man’s birth place has been; you don't care a snap of your fingers [how]…he worshiped his Maker; you don't care…whether he was a banker, bricklayer, lawyer, mechanic or farmer…It is the same thing now in civil life." Roosevelt also briefly mentioned his support for the Monroe Doctrine and the importance of a strong, efficient navy, with a special mention to the battleship USS Wyoming.
Roosevelt stayed in Cheyenne two more days. He attended church on Sunday morning, May 31, and lunched with former U.S. Sen. and future Gov. Joseph Carey and his wife. On Monday, the president attended a wild west show presented in his honor and later that day rode horseback to an evening barbeque at the Warren ranch. On Tuesday he boarded his train and three days later was back in Washington D.C.
Clearly, Roosevelt loved the American West. His enjoyment of wildlife, scenery, camping and horseback riding practically ensured that he would spend more than a quarter of his eight-week tour in Wyoming. He stayed in the state a total of 19 days—most of them in Yellowstone and three in Laramie and Cheyenne.
Biographer Edmund Morris, in Theodore Rex, notes Roosevelt's reverence for nature, exemplified in his extreme displeasure when confronted near Santa Cruz, California, with an ancient redwood decorated with "a petticoat of calling cards and advertising posters." Morris also reports that in his first year as president, Roosevelt had "quietly" increased the federal forest reserves by a full third.
Wyoming benefited not only from Roosevelt's appreciation of natural wonders like Yellowstone, but also from federal funds from the Reclamation Act. According to Morris, America's heartland was Roosevelt's "political center of gravity."
Roosevelt could have spent two weeks in Yosemite and two days in Yellowstone instead of the opposite. He also took the time to socialize with Sens. Warren and Carey and the people of Cheyenne rather than treating the capital city as just another whistle stop. The choice suggests that he felt a special tie to Wyoming, whether emotional, social, political or all three.
The review of journal is perhaps a market to have found that people have chosen different paths. An interesting observation is the event of men in the 20th Century turning to Science-fiction as a tack of expression. As religion must, and as it does now, rule with society to the core their event to 'dust-jackets' brings option to Society for thought without the actual figures of evolution being in that string-theory.
The parish church, located to the north of the village centre and adjacent to Hoo Hall, is a Grade II* Listed building. It is dedicated to St Andrew and St Eustachius and dates from the 13th century with a 15th-century tower.[4] The ecclesiastical parish is joined with Charsfield and services are still held regularly in the church which was threatened with redundancy in the 1970s.[3] The church was used as a location in the 1974 film Akenfield.[3]
Hoo Hall is a 16th-century building with Grade II listed status.[5] The parish has a number of other 16th century buildings and two medieval moated sites to the south of the village centre, both scheduled monuments.[6][7] Godwin's Place is a Grade II listed 16th century house, built on the site of larger house built in the 15th century by John Godyn or Godwyn.[7][8]
The shark to dates and marrow have grayed matter to boil holes as the mud in ancient tiled. As this is the at technical of describe for the prime of year in what is referred to as modern Times twenty-seventeen and thus the pause on these words shale to rise. As in in other balance of a Time in Ages on the build to Society each did say that their foundation to structure was Wow, Modern Times!! The exclaim of those socials came to scene as any old picture to a google search to date will provide the people of today not a vision of what had come to be a chisel's record, rather the search to speak an ancient steep will provide the eyes an actual explanation of the People and their footprint to literal earth's sum. In process on this it is the beast of an animal that treasures this true!!
Touching a comprehension harness to the Human beach is Sand-wheeling in the dunes of dried apricots. The pickling comes in the brains muster to attach a pick sole at blame. Than as the phew measures just as it did in history the inch gravels to a pebbles Chaucer apple, again the bite. A bitten population that is now in edition of already feathered is as watching the battery on connection. Thus the plug to electric art in vernacular climb balances sudden impact.
Cheese, milk, cream and butter all in the cow of the utter? Or is it the pasture of grass, clover, hay or grain to know the taste of sour is buttermilk too? Shiver that with a frost on Mankind the valley organization only to the knowing that the sea is or was on the ocean of a deserts floor. Hindsight to foresight, or actually in that is the cave that fish gave to refuge in what is a housing to the engine by trade? Is the land trip to wet lake a bog or a marsh? Does the mountain echo as the voice is the wind in a valence? Rudders to a sale as the anchor is a scale to weight? Or is the shallow ground a reef? Shore on thought to a basic creek speaking the river as the forge from the Falls spoke of the barrel that can knew pass sing as the snow melt to a sky in a pigeon type mail.
The word of detail as a rail to the rode makes each case applicable in a mind set to find. Should each harness ample bridle and collection bend pole than this would be the browband that a figure-eight would place bold to the note that a martingale is not a crupper as that is what breastplates are for in the understanding The Horse!
MSNBC an American Talk Show Complete is the fashion of it's predecessor America's Talking an American cable television channel focused mainly on talk based programming. The programming was mainly focused on low-budget talk shows. MSNBC replaced America's Talking in 1996. America's Talking launched July 4, 1994 and was owned by General Electric with it's headquarters in Fort Lee, New Jersey, sister channel CNBC.
(check-out it's line-up? it is self-reflective to MSNBC minus the great sets!! So in hindsight or hindsight being 20/20 the change of sets to a more News Type Channel ended up being a great success!! And, nobody now knows that MSNBC in complete and absolute is a Talk Show Circuit, circa 1996. Facts found at Wikipedia's Official Website https://www.wikipedia.org/ for your own for score and Seven Years a go!!
While America's Talking had something of a following, it was not successful in the ratings and was picked up by few cable providers. In January 1996, NBC announced plans to partner with Microsoft to launch MSNBC on cable and online with the satellite transponder that America's Talking occupied, effectively ending the life of the network. America's Talking officially signed off on July 15, 1996, after Ailes had departed NBC and been hired by Rupert Murdoch to launch the Fox News Channel for News Corporation, and was replaced at 9 a.m. by MSNBC Live, hosted by Jodi Applegate!
Exhibit A: The Phil Donahue Show, also known as Donahue, is an American television talk show hosted by Phil Donahue that ran for 26 years on national television. Its run was preceded by three years of local broadcast in Dayton, Ohio, and it was broadcast nationwide between 1970 and 1996. Exhibit B: The Oprah Winfrey Show, often referred to simply as Oprah, is an American syndicated tabloid talk show that aired nationally for 25 seasons from September 8, 1986 to May 25, 2011 in Chicago, Illinois.
Exhibit AB: Gayle King and Charlie Rose
Gayle King (born December 28, 1954) is an American television personality. She has appeared as the co-anchor of CBS This Morning and an editor-at-large for O, The Oprah ... In 1997 she was offered her own syndicated talk show, The Gayle King Show, which was ... King has been a friend of Oprah Winfrey since 1976.
Charles Peete "Charlie" Rose, Jr. (born January 5, 1942).... is an American television talk show host and journalist. Since 1991, he has hosted Charlie Rose, an interview show distributed nationally by PBS since 1993. Rose has also co-anchored CBS This Morning since 2012. Rose also substitutes for CBS Evening News with Scott Pelley when Pelley is off or on assignment. Rose, along with Lara Logan, has hosted the revived CBS classic Person to Person, a news program during which celebrities are interviewed in their homes, originally hosted from 1953 to 1961 by Edward R. Murrow.
Edward R. Murrow From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search Edward R. Murrow KBE
Murrow in April 1956 Born Egbert Roscoe Murrow April 25, 1908 Guilford County, North Carolina, U.S. Died April 27, 1965 (aged 57) Pawling, New York, U.S. Resting place Glen Arden Farm 41°34′15.7″N 73°36′33.6″W Alma mater Washington State – 1930 Occupation Journalist Radio broadcaster Known for On-the-spot radio reports from London and other locations in Europe during World War II. Series of television news reports that led to the censure of U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy. Spouse(s) Janet Huntington Brewster (1935–65) Children Charles Casey Murrow Parent(s) Roscoe Conklin Murrow Ethel Murrow Signature
Edward R. Murrow KBE (born Egbert Roscoe Murrow;[1] April 25, 1908 – April 27, 1965) was an American broadcast journalist. He was generally referred to as Ed Murrow. He first came to prominence with a series of radio broadcasts for the news division of the Columbia Broadcasting System during World War II, which were followed by millions of listeners in the United States. During the war he assembled a team of foreign correspondents who came to be known as the Murrow Boys. A pioneer of television news broadcasting, Murrow produced a series of reports that helped lead to the censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy. Fellow journalists Eric Sevareid, Ed Bliss, Bill Downs, Dan Rather, and Alexander Kendrick consider Murrow one of journalism's greatest figures, noting his honesty and integrity in delivering the news.
The United States of America and the system of version to public process has brought to seen the aspect. As the Electoral College that the founding fathers established it in the Constitution as a compromise between election of the President by a vote in Congress and election of the President by a popular vote of qualified citizens, is the deciding factor and the question to the why is it in that berth. At harbor the popular shelf brands the government, each tack of bridle to bit, as the rein, it is direct in the count to a draw of, or, at straw. As the draft to a speak in that is the war.
To believe that the founding fathers of the United States broke an operation-out to define, the harness of discipline plagued my mind till the thought brought a bow. In the States of term to that library the acreage alone makes a park event expel to what is water to a cow, the grain to a chicken and river to a mountains theme!! The Grand Canyon in optics very perfectly places drew to the popular volume on the pen to Stow, yet it is the river on the gorge that marks the Dam to hoover as the vacuum? Not in the performance of hand to mouth, vernacular to mucking and a Pitch fork on the spoon of the Moon in a sky.
Shall the banks go to Arizona where the demonstration of flash floods verse to the pork on the belly of stance, than those that camp in a bed to blanket the key it is as saying that the cactus has no prick. For the prickle to a needle yet the water in the scope all in the desert while the rain is in a port at the time of the Mountain on the down flight of raise to the increase of what is a lake on the dry grounds of surprised!!
As Cities in the United States are often over-flooded with foot by Trade to convenience for the job; the stop is the commute to bridge the toll. From the Rancher to the Dairy, a Farmer to the skill, a plate to a trace mineral on salt in the Earths feed. There on the fertilizer Man's brain or the signed makes to the public lose reality of what is a seed. From there the push to that Pole of activity in the constant on the most vote has in this speak made reason comprehend tact of both food and froth. Society has forgotten that the Men, Women, Families and space and that in-turn has put to a grocery the available read. With only the popular number it would in a fortnight to the city brawny take to say that slaughtering animals is wrong (less I forget to say that the vegans must make ready there thorpe as I know that grass does sway and through the breeze I contemplate the whistle of Wind).
"The best thing you can do is the right thing. The next best thing is the wrong thing. The worst thing is nothing." ~ Teddy Roosevelt
At the grasp on no reach as Technology is on existence of Mankind at humanities expense to never average a fax again. From the palm to that hold the 21st Century has shown responsibility to be only an exit. A screen to replace the direct phrase as shoulder to foot would at the very calendar pause the mind to a brain at talk delivering an angle of conception to the language of the body by corn. The reality of 2017 is at letter by note with text as a cent with a glimpse? Not in any fashion has the human person missed the anger that came with face to face shopping on a glancing favor giving morsels to push that ankle conversation too. In odd a lot this has been the lotted of the outcome. With short brief this emotional shelf has in society built libraries on todays modern socials.
Dark travel of journals have grained many more to the salts. Evident is that younger and younger the adult conversation enters the shins via cell phone ringers, applications and gaming. In my country there is no current rule of law on the Internet. Any and every scratch is sworn over to not even identify the picketing at a grocery, therefore the shore of Ocean Beach identifies the sand as Waves of storm to calm to sun milked days with a bit of moon to know the shadow of is only the sky on the turn of the natural round on earth.
Cast aye earn thus brought word to understanding the core of modus operandi in template write for the Minutemen that once rifled to stride. Staff of Population now corks communication in viable and at that hour of sixty seconds the clock is now on a digit.it.toll price of cost on the gross receipt, Sir Prize, Sir Prize!!!
Theodore Roosevelt and the National Park System
Theodore Roosevelt, often called "the conservation president," impacted the National Park System well beyond his term in office. He doubled the number of sites within the National Park system. As President from 1901 to 1909, he signed legislation establishing five new national parks: Crater Lake, Oregon; Wind Cave, South Dakota; Sully's Hill, North Dakota (later re-designated a game preserve); Mesa Verde, Colorado; and Platt, Oklahoma (now part of Chickasaw National Recreation Area). However another Roosevelt enactment had a broader effect: the Antiquities Act of June 8, 1906. The Antiquities Act enabled President Roosevelt and succeeding Presidents to proclaim historic landmarks, historic or prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest in federal ownership as national monuments.
Roosevelt did not hesitate to take advantage of this new executive authority. By the end of 1906 he had proclaimed four national monuments: Devil's Tower, Wyoming, on September 24 and El Morro, New Mexico, Montezuma Castle, Arizona, and Petrified Forest, Arizona, together on December 8. He also interpreted the authority expansively, protecting a large portion of the Grand Canyon as a national monument in 1908. By the end of his term he had reserved six predominantly cultural areas and twelve predominantly natural areas in this manner. Half of the total land area was initially administered by the Agriculture Department and was later transferred to Interior Department jurisdiction, since the National Park Service would not be created until 1916.
Later Presidents have used the Antiquities Act to declare national monuments. Many national monuments remain, while others have been enlarged into national parks or otherwise reclassified by Congress. The Antiquities Act is the original authority for nearly a quarter of the 397 areas composing the national park system in 2012.
Recalling his legacy, Theodore Roosevelt is now commemorated at six units of the National Park System. Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site in New York City, Sagamore Hill National Historic Site in Oyster Bay, New York, Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site in Buffalo, New York, Theodore Roosevelt National Park in North Dakota, and Theodore Roosevelt Island in Washington, DC, all trace his career and memorialize his contributions to America. Of course, Theodore Roosevelt is one of four Presidents gracing Mt. Rushmore National Memorial in South Dakota. The National Park Service is honored to administer these park sites, and the many others Roosevelt made possible during his storied career as a conservationist.
Video shot while on the boat trip to and on Staffa as part of the Three Islands tour from Oban Scotland which takes in the islands of Mull, Iona and Staffa.. The trip is highly recommended. The video was edited to account of the time required to play Mendelssohn's Hebrides Overture. I have the feeling that Mendelssohn's writing took in the forces of the volcanic eruptions/plate tectonics that formed the island besides the action of the sea on the rocks. All good grounds for a member of the Donald clan to visit and pay tribute.
John Muir was born in Scotland in 1838, one of eight children of Daniel Muir and his second wife Ann Gilrye. Muir was an adventurous and active child who loved playing outdoors. His father was extremely pious and stern and would sometimes physically abuse him. During his young adulthood his father forced him to memorize the majority of the Bible, which later had a large influence on his writing. At the age of 10, the family moved to the United States where they purchased an 80-acre tract of land near Portage, Wisconsin that Muir loved exploring. He began to gain mechanical skills and made a few small inventions, even making his own alarm clock. Even though his father disapproved of his inventions, Muir continued in his pursuits and in 1860 Muir took some of them to a fair where he gained some attention and local celebrity for his ingenuity.
Muir went to the University of Wisconsin and studied science, philosophy, and literature. In particular, he discovered his love for botany and was heavily influenced by the writings of naturalist philosophers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. He spent the summer of 1863 in the wilderness hiking down the Wisconsin River to the Mississippi along with two of his classmates. It was during this time that Muir realized that he loved nature more than anything else and decided that instead of going to medical school as he had originally planned, he wanted to study botany. He traveled to Canada where he collected and recorded botanical specimens. He made his way to Niagara Falls and decided to delay his return to the U.S. to avoid the Civil War draft.
He then went to work in a factory in Indianapolis where he worked his way up until 1867 when he had an accident that left him temporarily blind. The shock and horror of the accident for Muir finally pushed him to leave industry work forever. He said of the accident, "God has to nearly kill us sometimes, to teach us lessons." Muir determined that he would spend the rest of his life trying to absorb as much of the beauty of God's creation as he could.
Muir next made his way south towards Florida's gulf coast. He traveled by boat to Cuba with the ultimate goal of going to Brazil's Amazon rainforest. However, he became ill and decided that instead of going somewhere tropical, he should go somewhere temperate to recover, which ultimately made him decide on going to California, a decision that set much of the course of his life. He made his way to New York City which took him by boat to Panama. He took a train across the isthmus and then went by boat once more all the way to San Francisco, California. From there, Muir traveled with a companion he met on the boat to Yosemite Valley. He explored the valley and climbed the Sierra Mountains, which at this time were part of a state park. After he split ways with his travel companion, Muir visited the gigantic sequoias of the region and marveled at their incredible height. Muir got a job breaking horses at a ranch and then soon afterwards got a job as a shepherd.
In the summer of 1869, he went with his flock to the mountains. Camping on the edge of Yosemite Valley, he was enthralled like never before. In his excitement, he even climbed a very dangerous ridge by a waterfall and clung onto the rock face just so he could get closer to the water. He later recollected that he believed the experience was completely worth the risk. He spent six weeks hiking around the region and journaled extensively about what he saw, expressing joy in every page. He encountered both bears and natives, and he climbed several mountains and explored meadows. From there, Muir determined that he had to remain among the Sierra Mountains and managed to become employed at a sawmill that cut up dead trees in the valley, which was owned by James M. Hutchings who ran the hotel in Yosemite Valley, While in this position, Muir frequently interacted with the tourists and provided his expertise and opinions on the valley. Muir went against the widely-accepted opinions of Josiah Whitney, the leading geologist of that region, who said that earthquakes formed the valley. Muir, on the other hand, asserted that the valley was formed by slow-moving glaciers. For that time, Muir's theory was written off.
In 1871, Muir was able to meet his idol, Ralph Waldo Emerson, the man whose philosophies Muir had obsessively read in his college days. By this time, Muir had gained some recognition for both his knowledge of and passion for the region. Because of this, Muir was able to live out his dream and to act as a guide for Emerson and to show him the mountains and Sequoias during his short visit, teaching him botany and explaining to him his glacial theory. Muir left a strong impression on Emerson, and despite the brevity of their interaction, Muir and Emerson ultimately ended up exchanging letters for the rest of the time Emerson was alive.
From this point, Muir decided to pursue his glacial theory and he wrote an essay, "Yosemite Glaciers" which was published in the New York Tribune in 1871. He wrote several more articles which successfully built up his reputation in the scientific community and made him more and more into a public figure. He began to get support for his research and studied more and more about the glaciers of the Sierra Nevada. In the meantime, he continued to explore and climb as many mountains as possible, in particular becoming the first person to climb the 13,300-foot Mount Ritter.
Muir continued publishing articles and essays in various journals, newspapers, and magazine, and around 1875 he began to focus more and more on issues of conservation. After he traveled through the Sequoia belt of the Sierra Nevada, he became impassioned to save them from loggers that were destroying the forests. Also at this time, Louie Wanda Strenzel who he had been seeing on occasion since they met in 1874, became a bigger part of his life and the two soon fell in love. It was not until 1879 that he finally proposed to her. During their engagement, Muir traveled northward and visited the Puget Sound, taking a boat from Oregon to British Colombia. Along with a few other companions, he explored Glacier Bay, expanding his research.
On April 14th, 1880, at the age of 41, John Muir finally married Louie. He bought land and became a fruit rancher so that he could hold a steady occupation to support their family. In March of 1881, Louie gave birth to a daughter they named Annie. Although Muir had planned to remain home as a much as possible, a few months later he took the rare opportunity to sail to the Arctic and spend a few months visiting Inuit villages and collecting botanical specimens. In January of 1886, the Muirs had another daughter they named Helen. By 1888 they had earned enough money from fruit ranching that they decided to sell the ranch in order so that Muir could return to his true love of exploring the wilderness, doing research, and writing.
Muir turned his conservation efforts specifically towards his desire that the U.S. government establish more national parks. In 1890, there was only one national park - Yellowstone. Muir, however, wanted the area of the Yosemite region that was currently a state park to become a national one. Because of his many impassioned articles that were being published, much of the public was persuaded and wrote letters to congress in support of Muir's beliefs, and other outside groups also lobbied congress for the establishment of a national park. There was fierce opposition to this proposal from loggers and from those who viewed the park as a "waste" of California's natural resources. Nevertheless, in September of 1890, congress passed a bill creating Sequoia National Park and in October, Yosemite National Park was also created. By now, Muir was seen as the head of the Western conservation movement and in 1892 he established the Sierra Club in order to "explore, enjoy, and render accessible the mountain region of the Pacific Coast" and to "publish authentic information concerning them" with the ultimate goal of conservation. He began acting as an advisor to the National Forestry Commission that President Cleveland created in 1896. He used his influence to move public opinion and to pressure friends in Washington towards conservation. He believed only government control and limitations would guarantee the protection of forests.
With the inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt in 1901, there was finally a conservationist in the White House. In March of 1903 Muir and Roosevelt met and went camping high above Yosemite Valley. Muir took full advantage of the opportunity, calling for Roosevelt's help to save the trees and preserve the natural beauty of the region. Roosevelt was very impressed with Muir, and the experience re-enforced his conservationist stance. Over the rest of Roosevelt's administration, he set aside 148,000,000 acres of forest reserves and the number of national parks doubled.
Immediately after his camping trip with Roosevelt, Muir went on a world tour through Europe, Asia, and the Pacific. After that, in 1905, the Sierra Club fought for Yosemite Valley to go from being under state to federal control, and in 1906 the senate approved and allowed the valley to become part of Yosemite National Park. That same year, Muir's wife died. Also in 1906, Muir was able to convince Roosevelt to establish the Petrified Forest National Monument to protect the fossilized trees of Arizona. In 1908, a donated grove of redwood trees near San Francisco became Muir Woods National Monument.
Around 1907, Muir began to battle to save Hetch Hetchy, a beautiful valley in Yosemite National Park that San Francisco had set its sights on. The city wanted to petition congress to remove the valley's protection so that it could be turned into a water reservoir. Although there were other available places for San Francisco to build a reservoir, it was viewed as the cheapest option because it was already government-owned land. Congress favored the proposal while Roosevelt worked hard to destroy it. When President Taft came into office, Muir also guided him through the area and showed him Hetch Hetchy and demonstrated to the president why he loved the valley so much. Taft was also convinced and protected the valley during his term. However, with the election of Woodrow Wilson in 1912, both the senate and the president approved the bill to build a dam in Hetch Hetchy. The valley was completely destroyed and Muir was completely devastated by the results. Shortly afterward on Christmas Eve, 1914, John Muir died of pneumonia.
Two years later, in 1916, the National Parks Service was created to regulate the national parks. The Sierra Club also continued its work, even preventing dams from being built in the Grand Canyon in the 1960s. Today the club has over one million members. John Muir is remembered largely as a conservationist and as a bit of a naturalist philosopher, always wandering in the wilderness. While John Muir may have lost the battle to save Hetch Hetchy, he played the pre-eminent role in preserving Yosemite Valley and his scientific theory about glaciers forming the valley has been proven to be correct. Furthermore, his efforts towards conservation had major long-term effects in how our government views environmental protection and Muir ultimately helped to establish a tradition of advocating for the government to take responsibility for the preservation of important natural areas and for conserving its resources.
Sources:
Perrottet, Tony. "JOHN MUIR's Yosemite." Smithsonian 39.4 (2008): 48. MasterFILE Premier.
Web.
Schaub, Michelle. "Make The Mountains Glad: John And The SIERRA
CLUB." Appleseeds 13.7 (2011): 6. MasterFILE Premier. Web.
Silverberg, Robert. John Muir: Prophet Among the Glaciers. New York: Putnam, 1972.
To learn more about the history of the National Park Service, click on the link below:
History of the National Park Service ~ https://www.nps.gov/thrb/learn/historyculture/trandthenpsystem.htm
~ http://npshistory.com/publications/winks.htm
~ https://www.nps.gov/thri/johnmuir.htm
~ https://www.nps.gov/muwo/learn/historyculture/history-of-muir-woods.htm
